Digital Agriculture in Africa: Are There Any Real Solutions?

Juma Msafiri

Africa, a continent with a substantial agricultural sector, is experiencing a surge in adopting digital technologies to enhance productivity and efficiency. This article delves into the current state of digital agriculture in Africa, explores the mobile applications serving the sector, and analyzes the future prospects and challenges of this burgeoning field.

Research Methodology

The information presented in this article is based on a comprehensive research process that involved the following steps:

1. Gathering background information: This included researching the current state of digital agriculture in Africa, identifying key trends, and understanding the challenges and opportunities associated with it.
2. Exploring mobile applications: This involved identifying and analyzing various mobile apps that are being used for agriculture in Africa, examining their features, functionalities, and user feedback.
3. Reviewing research papers and articles: This included reviewing relevant research papers and articles on the future of digital agriculture in Africa, exploring different perspectives and insights.
4. Investigating challenges and opportunities: This involved researching the specific challenges and opportunities of digital agriculture in Africa, considering factors such as infrastructure, access to technology, and skills development.
5. Analyzing the impact on smallholder farmers: This included researching the impact of digital agriculture on smallholder farmers in Africa, exploring how these technologies are affecting their livelihoods and productivity.
6. Examining the role of governments and NGOs: This involved researching the role of governments and NGOs in promoting digital agriculture in Africa, analyzing their initiatives and policies.
7. Assessing the potential for food security: This included researching the potential of digital agriculture to improve food security in Africa, exploring how these technologies can contribute to increased production and access to food.

These research steps were undertaken to provide a comprehensive and well-informed overview of digital agriculture in Africa.

Current State of Digital Agriculture in Africa

The African continent faces a burgeoning demand for food, with the agricultural sector under pressure to increase productivity and efficiency. While traditional methods and technologies like improved seeds and fertilizers remain vital, digitalization is emerging as a transformative force in African agriculture. Digital tools are enabling farmers across the continent to acquire new skills, access essential services, and connect with others in dispersed locations ¹.

Despite this potential, Africa, particularly West Africa, lags behind the global trend of integrating digital technologies into agriculture ². This presents both challenges and opportunities for the continent. A study by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the International Telecommunication Union highlights the potential of digital agriculture to significantly boost agricultural productivity in sub-Saharan Africa, contributing to poverty reduction and improved livelihoods for millions of smallholder farmers ³.

Data from Beanstalk Agtech reveals that women comprise approximately 26% of users of Digital for Agriculture (D4Ag) solutions in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) ⁴. Furthermore, a significant portion of D4Ag innovators in these regions are operating at or above break-even point, indicating the commercial viability of these solutions ⁴. Importantly, the difference between a “derailed” and “thriving” D4Ag sector could amount to approximately US$450 billion of value per year over the next decade ⁴. This highlights the significant economic impact of digital agriculture and the importance of investing in its development. In a thriving scenario, the D4Ag sector has the potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and increase women’s access to digital agricultural solutions ⁴.

However, challenges persist in the adoption of digital agriculture in Africa. Smallholder farmers, who represent the majority of farmers on the continent, often lack proper records due to their informal and small-scale operations ⁵. This informality hinders their ability to attract financing and investment, which are often directed towards formally organized businesses ⁵. Other challenges include limited access to markets, market information, extension services, inputs, and advisory services ⁵.

Mobile Apps for Agriculture in Africa

A diverse range of mobile apps are being used to support various aspects of agriculture in Africa. These apps provide farmers with access to information, markets, financial services, and other resources that can help them improve their productivity and livelihoods. Some notable examples include:

App Name	Description	Key Features	Benefits
GeoFarmer	A platform for farmers and agricultural experts to exchange information.	Offline functionality, real-time information sharing, weather updates.	Improved farming practices, increased knowledge sharing, better decision-making.
Pix Fruit	Uses fruit-recognition technology to estimate harvest yields.	Fruit recognition, drone data integration, yield calculation.	Accurate yield estimation, fair price negotiation, improved income.
TruTrade	Facilitates fair trade by directly paying farmers through their mobile devices.	Mobile payments, quality checks, direct market access.	Fair prices for farmers, secure transactions, improved market access.
Kiazi Bora	Empowers farmers in Tanzania to grow orange-fleshed sweet potatoes.	Information on growing techniques, pest control, and market access.	Increased yields, improved nutrition, enhanced income.
Nuru	Helps farmers identify and prevent the fall armyworm pest.	Audible information in various languages, offline functionality, pest identification.	Reduced crop losses, improved pest management, increased yields.
GreenFingers Mobile	Digitizes farm management and provides technical assistance.	Farmer profiling, commercial exchange tracking, field staff monitoring.	Improved record-keeping, efficient farm management, timely technical support.
Push-Pull	Provides information on push-pull farming, a biocontrol method for crop pests.	Offline functionality, information on push-pull techniques, pest control guidance.	Reduced reliance on pesticides, environmentally friendly pest management, increased yields.
WeFarm	A networking platform for farmers to connect and share knowledge.	SMS-based communication, offline functionality, peer-to-peer learning.	Increased knowledge sharing, access to information, improved farming practices.
CowTribe	Helps livestock farmers monitor animal health and access veterinary services.	Health records, vaccination reminders, access to veterinary assistance.	Improved animal health, reduced livestock mortality, increased income.
Shambapro	A farm management app for record-keeping, task allocation, and financial reporting.	Digital farm records, virtual farm store, task management, financial reports.	Improved farm management, efficient record-keeping, data-driven decision-making.
Hello Tractor	Connects farmers with tractor owners for efficient land preparation.	On-demand tractor booking, mobile payments, location-based services.	Increased access to machinery, reduced labor costs, improved efficiency.

These apps demonstrate the innovative ways technology is being used to address specific challenges faced by African farmers, such as limited access to machinery and information, language barriers, and the need for efficient farm management tools. For example, the “Kiazi Bora” app incorporates natural language processing and text-to-speech technologies to overcome language barriers and make information accessible to farmers in their local languages ⁶. This highlights the potential of technology to promote inclusivity and address the diverse needs of African farmers. These are just a few examples of the many mobile apps that are transforming agriculture in Africa ⁷.

Digital Agriculture Initiatives in Africa

Beyond individual apps, various broader initiatives are underway to promote and implement digital agriculture in Africa. These initiatives involve governments, NGOs, and private sector organizations working together to leverage digital technologies for agricultural development.

The German Corporation for International Cooperation (GIZ) has launched the Digital Agriculture Africa (DAA) program, which provides a digital learning “Farm-to-Fork” solution to address the economic and food security impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic ⁸. The DAA program offers various digital tools to support smallholder farming groups in Kenya, Nigeria, Uganda, Tanzania, and Ethiopia ⁸.

Another initiative focuses on the use of digital technologies to improve access to fertilizers. Mobile money payment systems have revolutionized the process of ordering and paying for fertilizers, particularly benefiting farmers in remote areas with limited access to traditional financial services ⁹. Digital platforms on mobile phones also provide farmers with crucial information on suitable fertilizers for their crops ⁹.

The FAO’s Digital Villages Initiative (DVI) aims to accelerate rural transformation by leveraging innovative digital tools ¹⁰. The DVI promotes digitalization as a core element of rural development and prosperity, addressing both on-farm and off-farm socio-economic factors ¹⁰. Pilot activities have been launched in several African countries, including Ghana, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Somalia, and Zimbabwe ¹⁰.

Various countries in Africa are implementing digital agriculture initiatives tailored to their specific needs. Kenya has partnered with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) to create a digital literacy program for farmers, enabling them to access agricultural data, weather forecasts, and market data through their smartphones ¹¹. Rwanda has digitalized parts of its agricultural sector, including advisory services, and developed the E-Soko platform, which provides online market data to ensure fair prices for farmers’ produce ¹¹. South Africa has focused on precision agriculture, utilizing drones, artificial intelligence, and remote sensors to monitor crop conditions and optimize resource use ¹¹.

Blockchain technology is also being adopted to enhance transparency in agricultural supply chains. In Ghana and Côte d’Ivoire, blockchain is used to track cocoa beans from farms to buyers, ensuring traceability and fair compensation for farmers ¹². Similarly, in Ethiopia, blockchain has enabled coffee farmers to increase their income by providing direct market access and eliminating intermediaries ¹².

Future of Digital Agriculture in Africa

The future of digital agriculture in Africa appears promising, with the potential to address key challenges and unlock significant opportunities. According to the 2023 Africa Agriculture Status Report, digital technologies will play a crucial role in tackling inefficiency, exclusivity, and unsustainability in the agricultural sector ¹¹.

Digitalization is expected to transform smallholder farming and livelihoods by bridging information asymmetry and enhancing agricultural processes ¹³. Mobile phones, radio, computers, drones, satellites, artificial intelligence, cloud computing, and big data are becoming increasingly integrated into African agricultural systems ¹³. These technologies are being used to create innovative services that can improve various aspects of farming, from land preparation and crop management to harvesting and marketing ¹³. The digital era offers many new innovations and breakthroughs that will allow the African continent to get ahead of the curve and more efficiently and sustainably unlock the full potential of its smallholder farmers and agribusiness sector ¹.

Increased access to mobile phones, particularly for women farmers, can have a significant impact on agricultural production and food security ¹. Bridging the gender gap in mobile phone ownership and internet access could improve agricultural production by up to 4% and reduce the number of hungry people in Africa by up to 17% ¹.

To realize the full potential of digital agriculture, governments, donors, and non-profit organizations need to support agricultural research and development, encourage the deployment of affordable technology, and expand the reach of ICT services to rural areas ¹⁴. Digital skills development programs are also essential to address the low levels of digital literacy, particularly among women, youth, and rural populations ¹⁴.

Furthermore, successful digital agriculture solutions should involve farmers in the design process, focus on their real-world needs, and ensure a two-way flow of information ¹⁵. Governments also need to create and implement policies that support the changing needs of the digital age ¹⁵. Rwanda’s experience provides a compelling example of how government support can drive digital transformation in the agricultural sector. Since 2000, Rwanda has embraced an ambitious digital agenda, achieving significant progress in digital penetration and economic growth ¹. This demonstrates the positive impact of government policies and initiatives in promoting digital agriculture and achieving broader economic goals.

Challenges and Opportunities of Digital Agriculture in Africa

While digital agriculture offers significant opportunities, it also faces several challenges in the African context. These challenges can be categorized as follows:

Infrastructure and Access:

• Limited internet access and underdeveloped ICT infrastructure: This restricts the reach and effectiveness of digital solutions, particularly in rural areas where a majority of farmers reside ¹⁶.
• High costs of technology and internet access: The cost of digital devices and internet services can be prohibitive for many farmers, particularly smallholders with limited financial resources ¹⁸.
• Limited access to energy sources: Reliable access to electricity is essential for charging digital devices and utilizing digital solutions. However, many rural areas in Africa lack access to stable power grids, hindering the adoption of digital agriculture ¹⁸.
• Poor roads and limited transportation infrastructure: Poor road networks and inadequate transportation infrastructure can hinder access to markets and information, limiting the benefits of digital agriculture ¹⁹.

Skills and Knowledge:

• Lack of awareness and education: Many farmers are not aware of the potential benefits of digital agriculture or lack the knowledge and skills to effectively utilize digital technologies ¹⁶.
• Lack of digital literacy skills: Even with access to technology, many farmers and agricultural stakeholders lack the necessary digital literacy skills to effectively use digital tools and platforms ¹⁸.
• Lack of basic technical understanding among farmers: A lack of understanding of basic agricultural techniques and principles can limit the adoption and effective use of digital technologies ⁹.

Economic and Social Factors:

• Lack of secure land tenure: Insecure land tenure can discourage farmers from investing in long-term improvements, including the adoption of digital technologies ¹⁹.
• Limited supplies, high prices, and uncertain quality of modern inputs: Access to high-quality and affordable agricultural inputs is essential for the success of digital agriculture. However, many farmers face challenges in accessing these inputs, which can increase the risk associated with technology adoption ¹⁹.
• Uncertain and limited rainfall and lack of irrigation: Climate change and unpredictable weather patterns can affect agricultural productivity and the effectiveness of digital solutions that rely on water management ¹⁹.

Policy and Collaboration:

• Regulatory barriers: Unfavorable regulations or a lack of clear policies can hinder the adoption and scaling of digital agricultural solutions ¹⁶.
• Lack of collaboration and data sharing: Effective digital agriculture requires collaboration among various stakeholders, including governments, NGOs, and the private sector. However, a lack of data sharing and coordination can limit the development and implementation of effective solutions ¹⁶.

Despite these challenges, digital agriculture presents numerous opportunities for Africa, including:

Economic Growth and Development:

• Increased productivity and incomes for smallholder farmers: Digital technologies can improve efficiency, enhance traceability, and improve access to markets and financial services, leading to increased productivity and incomes for smallholder farmers ⁹.
• Creation of jobs and economic growth: Digital agriculture can create new employment opportunities in the agricultural sector, particularly for young people, and contribute to overall economic development ¹.
• Improved efficiency and transparency in agricultural supply chains: Digital platforms can connect farmers, input suppliers, and buyers, improving logistics, reducing transaction costs, and enhancing transparency in agricultural supply chains ⁹.
• Digital identities as a gateway to services: Digital identities can play a crucial role in enabling farmers to access digital services and high-quality inputs, facilitating their participation in the digital economy and improving their livelihoods ²¹.

Food Security and Sustainability:

• Improved food security: Digital solutions can help increase agricultural production, reduce postharvest losses, and enhance access to food, contributing to improved food security ⁹.
• Enhanced resilience to climate change: Digital tools can provide early warning systems for droughts, heatwaves, and pests, and recommend adaptive practices, helping farmers mitigate the impacts of climate change and build resilience ⁸.
• Promoting sustainable agricultural practices: Digital tools can support the adoption of climate-smart agriculture and sustainable farming methods, contributing to long-term food security and environmental sustainability ⁸.

Social Inclusion:

• Empowerment of women farmers: Increased access to mobile phones and digital technologies can empower women, providing them with access to information, resources, and markets, and improving their livelihoods ¹.

Impact of Digital Agriculture on Smallholder Farmers in Africa

Digital agriculture has the potential to significantly impact smallholder farmers in Africa, who constitute the majority of the agricultural workforce. By increasing access to information, resources, and markets, digital technologies can empower smallholder farmers to improve their livelihoods and contribute to food security.

Increased Productivity and Income:

• Digital technologies can help smallholder farmers improve their farming practices, increase yields, and access better markets, leading to increased productivity and income ²⁰.
• Mobile apps and digital platforms provide farmers with access to information on weather, market prices, and best practices, enabling them to make informed decisions and improve their farming operations ¹.
• Digital solutions can facilitate access to credit and insurance for smallholder farmers, providing them with the financial resources they need to invest in their farms and manage risks ²⁰.

Improved Efficiency and Resilience:

• Digital tools can help farmers optimize resource use, reduce labor costs, and improve decision-making, leading to increased efficiency in farm operations ²².
• Digital technologies can provide farmers with information and tools to adapt to climate change and mitigate its impacts, enhancing their resilience to environmental challenges ²³.
• Digital platforms can help farmers verify the authenticity of inputs and avoid losses from counterfeit products, protecting their investments and ensuring the quality of their produce ²⁰.

Role of Governments and NGOs in Promoting Digital Agriculture in Africa

Governments and NGOs play a crucial role in promoting and supporting the adoption of digital agriculture in Africa. By creating a supportive policy environment, investing in infrastructure, and providing training and capacity building, they can empower farmers to leverage digital technologies for agricultural development.

Government Initiatives:

• Creating a supportive policy environment: This includes developing national digital agriculture strategies, investing in digital infrastructure, and promoting digital literacy ¹.
• Facilitating private sector investment: Governments can encourage private sector involvement in digital agriculture by providing incentives and creating a favorable regulatory environment ¹.
• Investing in digital infrastructure: This includes expanding internet connectivity, mobile networks, and technology hubs in rural areas, ensuring that farmers have access to the necessary infrastructure to utilize digital solutions ²⁴.
• Promoting digital skills development: Governments can support training programs and initiatives to enhance digital literacy among farmers and agricultural stakeholders, enabling them to effectively use digital tools and platforms ¹.
• Supporting research and development: Governments can invest in research and development of digital agricultural solutions tailored to the African context, fostering innovation and addressing specific challenges faced by African farmers ⁹.
• International cooperation: Initiatives like the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) play a role in facilitating trade and infrastructure development in Africa, indirectly supporting the adoption of digital technologies in agriculture ²⁵. AGOA, by providing duty-free access to U.S. markets, has stimulated economic growth and development in the region, creating a more favorable environment for investment in digital agriculture.

NGO Activities:

• Providing training and capacity building: NGOs can train farmers on the use of digital technologies and provide support for their implementation, helping them acquire the necessary skills and knowledge to benefit from digital solutions ²⁶.
• Facilitating access to digital solutions: NGOs can help farmers access affordable digital tools and services, bridging the affordability gap and promoting digital inclusion ²⁷.
• Promoting awareness and knowledge sharing: NGOs can raise awareness about the benefits of digital agriculture and facilitate knowledge sharing among farmers, encouraging the adoption of digital solutions and fostering peer-to-peer learning ²⁸.
• Advocating for policies that support digital agriculture: NGOs can advocate for policies that promote investment in digital infrastructure, digital literacy, and access to technology for smallholder farmers, ensuring that the needs of farmers are considered in policy decisions ⁵.

Potential of Digital Agriculture to Improve Food Security in Africa

Digital agriculture has the potential to significantly contribute to improving food security in Africa by increasing productivity, enhancing market access, and promoting sustainable agricultural practices.

Increased Productivity and Reduced Losses:

• Digital technologies can help farmers increase yields and reduce losses, leading to greater food production and improved food availability ⁹.
• Leveling the gender gap in mobile phone access could improve agricultural production by up to 4% and decrease the number of hungry people by up to 17%, highlighting the importance of digital inclusion for food security ¹.

Enhanced Market Access and Information Sharing:

• Digital platforms can connect farmers with buyers, facilitating trade and ensuring fair prices for agricultural produce, improving farmers’ incomes and contributing to food security ¹¹.
• Digital tools can provide farmers with timely information on weather, pests, and diseases, enabling them to make informed decisions and improve their farming practices, leading to increased productivity and reduced losses ²⁹.

Sustainable Agriculture and Supply Chain Efficiency:

• Digital technologies can improve the efficiency and transparency of agricultural supply chains, reducing waste and ensuring the timely delivery of inputs and produce, contributing to food security and economic growth ³⁰.
• Digital solutions can provide women with access to information, resources, and markets, enhancing their participation in agriculture and improving their livelihoods, contributing to household food security and economic empowerment ¹.
• Digital tools can support the adoption of climate-smart agriculture and sustainable farming methods, contributing to long-term food security and environmental sustainability ⁹.

Conclusion

Digital agriculture is rapidly transforming the agricultural landscape in Africa, offering significant potential to improve productivity, livelihoods, and food security. While challenges remain in terms of infrastructure, digital literacy, and access to technology, various initiatives are underway to promote and support the adoption of digital solutions. By leveraging the power of digital technologies and fostering collaboration among governments, NGOs, and the private sector, Africa can unlock the full potential of its agricultural sector and ensure a food-secure future for its growing population.

However, the journey towards a digitally-driven agricultural sector in Africa requires continued research and innovation to address the evolving challenges and opportunities. Partnerships and collaboration among stakeholders are essential to ensure the sustainable and inclusive development of digital agriculture, leaving no one behind. It is crucial to support initiatives that promote digital inclusion, enhance digital literacy, and provide farmers with the tools and resources they need to thrive in the digital age.

Works cited

1. Africa is leapfrogging into digital agriculture | Africa Renewal – the United Nations, accessed December 29, 2024, https://www.un.org/africarenewal/web-features/africa-leapfrogging-digital-agriculture

2. A Survey on Digital Agriculture in Five West African Countries – MDPI, accessed December 29, 2024, https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/13/5/1067

3. Status of Digital Agriculture in 47 Sub-Saharan African Countries publication, accessed December 29, 2024, https://www.fao.org/e-agriculture/status-of-digital-agriculture-in-africa-47

4. State of the Digital Agriculture Sector in LMICs – Beanstalk AgTech, accessed December 29, 2024, https://www.beanstalkagtech.com/d4aglmic

5. Digital Agriculture Chapter 2: Commonwealth Africa, accessed December 29, 2024, https://thecommonwealth.org/digital-agriculture/chapter-2-africa

6. Revolutionizing African Agriculture: How AI-Powered Apps Are Empowering Tanzania’s Rural Farmers and Boosting Crop Yields – Farmonaut, accessed December 29, 2024, https://farmonaut.com/africa/revolutionizing-african-agriculture-how-ai-powered-apps-are-empowering-tanzanias-rural-farmers-and-boosting-crop-yields/

7. borgenproject.org, accessed December 29, 2024, https://borgenproject.org/apps-improving-agriculture-in-africa/#:~:text=GeoFarmer%2C%20Pix%20Fruit%20and%20TruTrade,apps%20improving%20agriculture%20in%20Africa.

8. Digital Agriculture Africa: addressing, economic and food security impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic through digital learning – Language selection | International Partnerships, accessed December 29, 2024, https://international-partnerships.ec.europa.eu/policies/programming/projects/digital-agriculture-africa-addressing-economic-and-food-security-impacts-covid-19-pandemic-through_en

9. Fertile Ground For Digitalisation: Adopting Digital Technologies To Improve Farming And Food Security In Africa | AUDA-NEPAD, accessed December 29, 2024, https://www.nepad.org/blog/fertile-ground-digitalisation-adopting-digital-technologies-improve-farming-and-food-security

10. Digital Villages Initiative in Africa – Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, accessed December 29, 2024, https://www.fao.org/digital-villages-initiative/africa/en

11. Laying foundation for digital revolution in Africa’s food systems | Africa Renewal, accessed December 29, 2024, https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/january-2024/laying-foundation-digital-revolution-africa%E2%80%99s-food-systems

12. Digital Transformation in African Agriculture – Agri Frontier, accessed December 29, 2024, https://www.agrifrontier.com/case-study/digital/

13. Toward digitalization futures in smallholder farming systems in Sub-Sahara Africa: A social practice proposal – Frontiers, accessed December 29, 2024, https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/sustainable-food-systems/articles/10.3389/fsufs.2022.866331/full

14. The future is digital: Reframing the agricultural green revolution – Trialogue Knowledge Hub | Resources for CSI & sustainability in Africa, accessed December 29, 2024, https://trialogueknowledgehub.co.za/the-future-is-digital-reframing-the-agricultural-green-revolution/

15. Is digital agriculture the key to revolutionize future farming in Africa? – CCAFS, accessed December 29, 2024, https://ccafs.cgiar.org/index.php/es/node/55263

16. Strategies to deal with digital transformation challenges in African agriculture. Source: authors. – ResearchGate, accessed December 29, 2024, https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Strategies-to-deal-with-digital-transformation-challenges-in-African-agriculture-Source_fig3_373944391

17. Unveiling the Controversies: ICTs in Agriculture and the Challenges for Africa – The South Centre, accessed December 29, 2024, https://www.southcentre.int/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Unveiling-the-Controversies-ICTs-in-Agriculture-and-the-Challenges-for-Africa_report.pdf

18. Digitalisation of Agriculture in Africa Challenges and Areas of Action – RUFORUM, accessed December 29, 2024, https://www.ruforum.org/Triennial2021/sites/default/files/RUFORUM%20Thought%20Pieces%202021_Issue%2009.pdf

19. Overcoming the barriers to technology adoption on African farms – Brookings Institution, accessed December 29, 2024, https://www.brookings.edu/articles/overcoming-the-barriers-to-technology-adoption-on-african-farms/

20. Digital technology and African smallholder agriculture: Implications for public policy, accessed December 29, 2024, https://www.brookings.edu/articles/digital-technology-and-african-smallholder-agriculture-implications-for-public-policy/

21. Growing Africa’s digital economy from the soil up – Mastercard Newsroom, accessed December 29, 2024, https://newsroom.mastercard.com/news/perspectives/2024/growing-africa-s-digital-economy-via-digital-agriculture/

22. Agri-tech digital tools boost crops for farmers across Africa – The World Economic Forum, accessed December 29, 2024, https://www.weforum.org/stories/2021/10/agri-tech-digital-tools-boost-crops-farmers-africa/

23. Exploring the impact of agricultural digitalization on smallholder farmers’ livelihoods in Ghana – PMC – PubMed Central, accessed December 29, 2024, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10963240/

24. How digital tools can help transform African agri-food systems – McKinsey, accessed December 29, 2024, https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/agriculture/our-insights/how-digital-tools-can-help-transform-african-agri-food-systems

25. The Role of AGOA in Accelerating Africa’s Digital Transformation – CSIS, accessed December 29, 2024, https://www.csis.org/analysis/role-agoa-accelerating-africas-digital-transformation

26. Building Resilience: The Role of NGO Funding in Tackling Food Security in Africa, accessed December 29, 2024, https://www2.fundsforngos.org/articles/building-resilience-the-role-of-ngo-funding-in-tackling-food-security-in-africa/

27. How digital technologies can help Africa’s smallholder farmers | E-Agriculture, accessed December 29, 2024, https://www.fao.org/e-agriculture/blog/how-digital-technologies-can-help-africa%E2%80%99s-smallholder-farmers

28. How Digital Agriculture Can Help Africa During COVID-19 – BORGEN Magazine, accessed December 29, 2024, https://www.borgenmagazine.com/digital-agriculture-can-help-africa/

29. Agriculture and Food Security | Digital Earth Africa, accessed December 29, 2024, https://www.digitalearthafrica.org/why-digital-earth-africa/agriculture-and-food-security

30. Leveraging digital platforms to promote food security and sustainable agriculture in Africa, accessed December 29, 2024, https://news.microsoft.com/en-xm/2022/11/28/leveraging-digital-platforms-to-promote-food-security-and-sustainable-agriculture-in-africa/