Uneven Costs, Unfair Trade? The Hidden Price of Exporting Agriculture in Africa
As Africa pushes to expand its footprint in global agricultural trade, a little-known but critical document—the phytosanitary certificate—stands as both a passport and a price tag. While designed to ensure biosecurity and plant health compliance, the cost of obtaining these certificates varies dramatically across East and Southern Africa, creating an uneven playing field for exporters. From Rwanda’s ultra-low $0.16…








