The Potential of Mango Farming to Transform Tanzania’s Agricultural Economy

February 6, 2025

I. Executive Summary

This report by kilimokwanza.org analyzes the current state of mango farming in Tanzania and evaluates its potential to become the country’s second most valuable cash crop, as highlighted in several stakeholders’ meetings organized by SAGCOT Centre in 2024 and other stakeholders. Agriculture plays a pivotal role in Tanzania’s economy, and while traditional cash crops like coffee have historically dominated, mango production has seen significant growth. Tanzania currently ranks among the top global mango producers, and projections indicate further increases in output. A comparative analysis with other key cash crops, particularly coffee, reveals that while coffee currently holds a higher export value, the rapidly expanding global mango market and Tanzania’s unique off-season production offer substantial opportunities. The report delves into cultivation practices, climate suitability across Tanzanian regions, and the potential for value addition through processing. Examining the economic impact and regional trade dynamics further supports the assessment of mangoes’ potential. While challenges exist in areas such as infrastructure, pest control, and market access, this analysis suggests that with strategic investments and focused efforts, mango farming has a strong possibility of becoming Tanzania’s second most valuable crop, contributing significantly to economic growth and improving livelihoods

II. Introduction: The Significance of Agriculture in Tanzania and the Current Cash Crop Landscape

Agriculture forms the backbone of Tanzania’s economy, contributing significantly to the nation’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP), providing employment for a large portion of the population, and ensuring food security for its citizens. The agricultural sector is diverse, with various crops cultivated for domestic consumption and export. Historically, several key cash crops have dominated Tanzania’s agricultural exports, each playing a crucial role in generating foreign exchange and supporting rural livelihoods. These traditional cash crops include coffee, cashew nuts, tobacco, cotton, tea, and sisal, each with established production systems, market linkages, and historical significance . The long-standing presence of these crops has led to the development of specific infrastructure, established trade networks, and a body of knowledge within the farming communities.

Amidst this established agricultural landscape, mangoes have become a crop of increasing importance . While not traditionally ranked among the top earners of foreign exchange, mango production in Tanzania has witnessed a notable rise in recent years. This growth is fueled by favorable climatic conditions, a growing global demand for the fruit, and increasing recognition of its economic potential. This report aims to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the current state of mango farming in Tanzania. The central objective is to evaluate whether mangoes possess the potential to ascend to the position of the country’s second most valuable crop, necessitating a detailed comparison with existing agricultural powerhouses like coffee and an examination of various factors influencing this potential.

III. Current Status of Mango Production in Tanzania: Cultivation, Yields, and Farming Practices

Tanzania stands as a significant player in the global mango market. Recent data indicates that the country ranks as the 12th largest mango producer worldwide, with an annual production reaching approximately 700,000 metric tons . This substantial output underscores the growing importance of mangoes within Tanzania’s agricultural sector. While figures from 2022 placed Tanzania at the 20th global rank with a production of 448,600 tonnes , the more recent estimates suggest a considerable increase in production, highlighting a positive growth trend. Furthermore, projections indicate that Tanzania’s mango production could potentially exceed 500,000 metric tons by 2026, further solidifying its position in the global market .

Mango cultivation in Tanzania is predominantly carried out by a large number of smallholder farmers, who account for an estimated 99% of the total production. These farmers typically cultivate plots averaging around 3.5 acres . This reliance on small-scale farming presents a unique set of dynamics for the industry’s development. On one hand, it allows for widespread participation in the mango value chain, potentially impacting a large segment of the rural population. On the other hand, ensuring consistent quality and volume for large-scale commercialization and export can be challenging when production is so dispersed.

Common farming practices in Tanzania encompass both conventional methods, which involve the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, and a growing movement towards organic farming practices that prioritize environmental sustainability and health benefits . Key aspects of mango farming include careful selection of the appropriate mango variety based on various factors such as climate adaptability and market demand . Land preparation involves clearing the site and ensuring proper soil aeration. Planting techniques include preparing appropriately sized planting holes and ensuring proper spacing between trees, which can vary depending on the specific mango variety and the growing environment . Irrigation is increasingly recognized as crucial, especially in regions with lower rainfall, and the adoption of more efficient methods like drip irrigation, often powered by solar pumps, is becoming more prevalent . Regular pruning is essential for shaping the trees and promoting better fruit production . Pest and disease control is another critical aspect, with fruit flies being a particularly significant challenge for mango farmers . Recognizing the importance of fundamental agricultural practices, there is a growing emphasis on soil health, with experts advocating for comprehensive soil and leaf analysis to address nutrient deficiencies and ensure optimal flowering and fruiting .

Tanzania boasts a remarkable diversity of mango varieties, encompassing both indigenous types and those introduced from other regions . Prominent local varieties include Ngowe, Batawi, and Apple, each possessing distinct characteristics and varying degrees of adaptability to specific agro-ecological zones within the country . Introduced varieties such as Tommy Atkins, Kent, and Keitt have also been successfully cultivated in Tanzania, expanding the range of options available to farmers and enhancing the country’s export potential . Other notable varieties grown include Sindano, Viringe–Embe Tanga, Bongwa, Boribo, Dodo, Alphonso, Kesar, Van Dyke, Red Indian, Zill, Maya, Sensation, Kensington, Palmer, Kiarabu, Kimji, Kitovu, Mayai, Peach, Sabre, and the locally developed Koga Mango . The selection of the most suitable variety is a crucial decision for farmers, influenced by factors such as the specific climate and soil conditions of their region, the prevailing market demand (both local and international), the variety’s resistance to common mango diseases, and its potential yield . For instance, Ngowe mangoes are well-suited for hot and low-altitude areas, while Apple mangoes tend to perform better in medium-altitude regions .

IV. Comparative Analysis of Tanzania’s Key Cash Crops: Focus on Coffee and Emerging Trends

A. Production Volumes and Trends (National Data)

To assess the potential of mangoes to become Tanzania’s second most valuable crop, it is crucial to compare its production with that of the current leading cash crops, with a particular focus on coffee. In the marketing year 2023/24, Tanzania’s coffee production is estimated to be around 1.4 million bags (each weighing 60 kilograms), with a forecast increase to 1.5 million bags in MY 2024/25 . This translates to approximately 84,000 metric tons in 2023/24 and 90,000 metric tons in 2024/25. While coffee remains a significant crop, other major cash crops in Tanzania, such as cashew nuts, cotton, and tobacco, have also shown increasing production volumes in recent periods, as reported up to December 2023 . Notably, the current annual production volume of mangoes in Tanzania stands at approximately 700,000 metric tons . This figure significantly surpasses the production volume of coffee. This higher production volume of mangoes, if effectively channeled into markets and value-added products, holds the potential to generate substantial economic value for the country.

B. Export Values and Market Dynamics (National and International Data)

Examining the export values provides a clearer picture of the economic contribution of each crop. In 2023, Tanzania’s coffee exports reached a value of $170.2 million, marking a substantial increase compared to previous years . The total value of all crop exports from Tanzania in the year leading up to December 2023 amounted to $2.3 billion. Coffee, along with other commodities like tobacco, cashew nuts, rice, sesame, legumes, and horticultural produce (especially avocados), were significant contributors to this total . However, data regarding the export value of mangoes from Tanzania in 2023 presents some inconsistencies across different sources. According to the World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS), Tanzania’s exports of fresh or dried guavas, mangoes, and mangosteens in 2023 were valued at $104.67K . In contrast, data from Volza indicates a total of 451 shipments of mangoes exported from Tanzania between February 2023 and January 2024 . This Volza data includes fresh mangoes, aseptic mango puree, and mango drinks, with Uganda appearing as a major destination. Exports of fresh and dried mangoes to countries like Oman and Ukraine are also recorded . This discrepancy likely arises from differences in data collection methodologies and the inclusion of processed mango products in some reports. Nevertheless, the existing data suggests that while some level of value addition through processing is occurring, the overall export value of mangoes currently lags significantly behind that of coffee. Major international markets for Tanzanian coffee include Italy, Japan, Germany, the United States, and Morocco, indicating well-established global trade relationships . In comparison, the current export destinations for Tanzanian mangoes appear to be more regionally focused, with Uganda being a prominent market. Expanding the reach of Tanzanian mangoes into more lucrative international markets is therefore a critical step towards increasing their export value.

C. Profitability and Economic Impact

Comparing the profitability of mango farming with that of coffee and other major cash crops requires considering various factors such as input costs, market prices, labor requirements, and yields. Evidence suggests that mango farming in Tanzania possesses the potential to be as profitable as coffee farming . In regions where farmers have adopted improved irrigation techniques, such as solar-powered pumps, significant increases in mango yields and consequently, farmers’ incomes have been observed . A localized study conducted in the Urambo District indicated that while tobacco currently contributes more significantly to household income in that area, mangoes have the potential to surpass it if market access is improved . This highlights the crucial role of market infrastructure and linkages in determining the profitability of mango farming. The global market for coffee is substantial, with estimates ranging from $127 billion to $223.78 billion . The global mango market is also significant and experiencing rapid growth, valued at $63.65 billion in 2023 and projected to reach $67.95 billion in 2024, with further growth anticipated to $89.55 billion by 2028 . While the coffee market is currently larger, the impressive growth rate of the mango market presents a considerable opportunity for Tanzania to increase its market share and export earnings.

V. The Global Mango Market: Opportunities and Demand Trends

The global market for mangoes presents a significant opportunity for producing countries like Tanzania. Major importing countries include the United States, China, the Netherlands, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, Vietnam, Canada, Spain, and Germany . The demand for mangoes globally is on an upward trajectory, with the market projected to continue growing at a substantial Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of approximately 6.7% . This increasing demand is evident for both fresh mangoes and a variety of processed mango products, such as juice, puree, and dried fruit . Furthermore, there is a growing global consumer preference for organic mangoes and products packaged using sustainable materials . This trend offers Tanzania an avenue to potentially gain a competitive advantage by focusing on environmentally friendly and sustainably produced mangoes.

Currently, Tanzania’s mango export volumes appear to be relatively modest in comparison to its production output. Uganda stands out as a significant regional destination for Tanzanian mangoes, both in fresh form and as processed products . Some export activity to other neighboring countries like Oman, Ukraine, Botswana, and Rwanda has also been recorded . However, Tanzania possesses a crucial strategic advantage in the global mango market: its ability to produce mangoes during the off-season when production in major mango-producing countries is low . This unique timing allows Tanzania to potentially cater to global demand during periods of scarcity, thereby securing a competitive edge and potentially commanding premium prices in high-value markets. To fully capitalize on these opportunities, it is essential for Tanzania to meet the stringent quality standards and market requirements prevalent in major importing countries, such as those in Europe .

VI. Climate and Soil Suitability for Mango Cultivation in Tanzania: Regional Analysis and Variety Considerations

Tanzania’s diverse climate and varied agro-ecological zones create a favorable environment for mango cultivation across different regions. Mangoes thrive in tropical and subtropical climates characterized by distinct dry and rainy seasons . The ideal temperature range for mango cultivation falls between 24 and 30°C . While mangoes can tolerate higher temperatures, prolonged exposure to extreme heat can negatively affect the quality of the fruit and the growth of the trees. In cooler highland areas, mango trees may still grow, but they might produce less fruit with lower sugar content . The optimal annual rainfall for mangoes is between 850 and 1000 mm. However, they can also be grown in areas with lower rainfall if proper irrigation systems are in place . A crucial requirement for successful mango cultivation is a distinct dry season preceding and during the flowering period, as this promotes optimal fruit set and quality. Excessive rainfall during flowering can interfere with pollination and increase the risk of fungal diseases . Mangoes exhibit adaptability to a range of altitudes, growing well from sea level up to 1800 meters above sea level . Ample sunlight is also a vital factor for healthy growth and abundant fruit production .

Regarding soil requirements, mangoes prefer deep, well-drained soils with a pH range of 5.5 to 7.5 . Loamy or alluvial soils are considered ideal, but mangoes can adapt to various soil types provided they are managed appropriately. It is important to avoid soils that are consistently saturated or excessively sandy . Soil fertility plays a significant role, with soils rich in organic matter being crucial for healthy mango growth. Conducting soil tests to assess nutrient levels and amending the soil as needed is a recommended practice . Good drainage is also essential to prevent waterlogging, which can lead to root rot and other detrimental issues for mango trees .

Considering these climate and soil requirements, different regions in Tanzania exhibit varying degrees of suitability for mango cultivation, and certain mango varieties perform better in specific agro-ecological zones . For example, Ngowe mangoes are particularly well-suited to the hot and low-altitude areas of Tanzania, while Apple mangoes tend to thrive in medium-altitude regions . The eastern parts of neighboring Kenya and its coastal strip are known for mango farming, suggesting that comparable regions within Tanzania likely possess similar suitability . Areas like Kilimanjaro, Arusha, Mbeya, and Ruvuma, while renowned for coffee production, may also offer suitable conditions for specific mango varieties, particularly at lower altitudes within these regions .

To provide a clearer understanding of regional suitability, the following table outlines the general climate and soil conditions in different Tanzanian regions and suggests potentially suitable mango varieties based on the available information:

Region	Altitude Range (m)	Rainfall (mm)	Temperature (°C)	Predominant Soil Types	Suitable Mango Varieties
Coastal Areas	0 – 800	1000+	25 – 30+	Sandy loam, Clay loam	Tommy Atkins, Kent, Keitt, Batawi, Dodo, Ngowe
Northern Highlands	800 – 1800	800 – 1200	18 – 25	Volcanic, Loamy	Apple, Kent, Keitt, Tommy Atkins (lower altitudes)
Southern Highlands	1000 – 1800	900 – 1400	15 – 23	Loamy, Clay	Apple, (potentially some introduced varieties at lower ranges)
Lake Zone	1000 – 1500	700 – 1000	22 – 28	Sandy loam, Clay loam	Tommy Atkins, Kent, Keitt, Batawi
Central Zone	800 – 1200	500 – 800	24 – 30	Sandy, Loamy	Ngowe, (irrigation needed for some varieties)
Western Zone	1000 – 1500	800 – 1100	20 – 27	Loamy, Clay loam	Tommy Atkins, Kent, Keitt, Apple
Eastern Zone	200 – 1000	900 – 1300	23 – 29	Loamy, Alluvial	Tommy Atkins, Kent, Keitt, Ngowe, Batawi

Note: This table provides a general overview, and specific suitability may vary within each region based on local conditions and specific variety requirements.

VII. Value Addition in the Tanzanian Mango Industry: Processing, Products, and Market Potential

The Tanzanian mango industry holds significant potential for value addition beyond the export of fresh fruit. Various processing opportunities exist, including the production of mango juice, dried mango slices, mango pulp, chutneys, jams, and even mango oil . There is also potential for exploring innovative uses of mango by-products, such as extracting oil from the kernels and creating vegan leather from mango peels . Currently, some level of processing is already taking place in Tanzania, with aseptic mango puree being exported to Uganda , and small quantities of dried mangoes also being exported .

The market potential for these value-added mango products is considerable, spanning domestic, regional, and international markets . Processing surplus mango production can significantly reduce post-harvest losses, which are a major concern in the fresh fruit sector . Furthermore, processed mango products can be exported to international markets, often fetching higher prices compared to fresh fruit due to their extended shelf life and convenience . The global demand for processed fruit products is steadily increasing, presenting a favorable market environment for Tanzania . Regional markets within the Southern African Development Community (SADC) and the Middle East also offer promising opportunities for Tanzanian mango products .

Despite this potential, the current level of mango processing in Tanzania remains limited, and the existing infrastructure is largely underutilized . The establishment of large-scale processing plants is recognized as a crucial step towards unlocking the full value addition potential of the industry . The Tanzanian government has taken some steps to encourage investment in this area, such as providing tax exemptions on technologies used for sorting, grading, and packing fruits and vegetables, which are aimed at improving the quality of exports . However, further support and incentives for developing processing infrastructure are essential to enable the Tanzanian mango sector to fully capitalize on the opportunities presented by value addition.

VIII. Economic Comparison: Profitability and Impact of Mango Farming Versus Other Major Cash Crops

Comparing the profitability of mango farming with that of coffee and other major cash crops in Tanzania is essential for evaluating its potential. While comprehensive data directly comparing per-hectare profitability across all crops may be limited, available evidence suggests that mango farming has the potential to be as profitable as coffee . Notably, the adoption of improved farming techniques, such as efficient irrigation systems like solar-powered pumps, has led to significant increases in mango yields, resulting in substantially higher incomes for farmers in certain regions . Localized studies have also indicated that with improved market access, mangoes could become a more significant source of income for farmers compared to traditional crops like tobacco . It is important to consider the initial investment costs associated with establishing mango orchards, which may differ from the costs of maintaining existing coffee farms.

Expanding mango farming in Tanzania can generate a wide range of positive economic impacts. The growth of the mango value chain, encompassing activities from production to processing and marketing, has the potential to create numerous employment opportunities, particularly in rural areas where such opportunities are often scarce . Increased exports of mangoes and processed mango products can lead to valuable foreign exchange earnings, contributing significantly to the country’s overall economic growth . The improved income derived from mango farming can directly enhance the livelihoods of smallholder farmers, playing a crucial role in poverty reduction within rural communities . Furthermore, mango cultivation can contribute to environmental sustainability and afforestation efforts, as mango trees act as both economic and environmental assets .

However, scaling up mango production and ensuring its profitability are not without potential risks and challenges. Effective pest and disease management, particularly concerning fruit flies, is crucial for maintaining yields and quality . Access to high-quality planting materials remains a concern that needs to be addressed . Post-harvest losses, often due to inadequate cold storage and processing facilities, can significantly impact profitability . Meeting the stringent quality and safety requirements of international markets can also pose a challenge, particularly for smallholder farmers . Finally, limited access to finance for mango growers and processors can hinder investment and growth within the sector .

IX. Regional Mango Trade Dynamics in East Africa: Opportunities and Challenges for Tanzania

Regional trade dynamics play a significant role in the potential of Tanzanian mangoes. Currently, Uganda stands as a key importer of mangoes and mango products from Tanzania . There is also some trade occurring with neighboring countries like Rwanda and Botswana . Within the East African region, Kenya is a prominent player in both mango production and export . Kenya’s more established mango export sector can serve as both a source of learning and a potential competitor for Tanzania as it seeks to expand its own export capabilities.

Significant opportunities exist for Tanzania to further expand its mango exports within the East African region and to neighboring countries. Leveraging existing trade agreements within the East African Community (EAC) can facilitate smoother cross-border trade. Understanding the seasonal production patterns in neighboring countries can also allow Tanzania to strategically fill supply gaps with its off-season mango production. For instance, Tanzania’s ability to harvest mangoes when other regional producers may have lower availability presents a distinct advantage. However, challenges also exist in the regional mango trade. Tanzania faces competition from established producers like Kenya, which have already developed market linkages and may have a reputation for consistent quality. Potential trade barriers, such as tariffs and non-tariff barriers, within the region could also hinder the flow of Tanzanian mangoes. Furthermore, infrastructure limitations, including transportation networks and storage facilities, can affect the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of cross-border trade.

X. Future Prospects of Mango Farming in Tanzania: Expert Opinions and Potential for Growth

Expert opinions and industry analyses paint a promising picture for the future of mango farming in Tanzania. Many believe that Tanzania holds extraordinary opportunities in the global mango market, primarily due to its unique ability to produce mangoes during the off-season . Some industry stakeholders foresee a “mango revolution” in Tanzania, driven by innovation, strategic partnerships, and a commitment to achieving excellence in production and export . However, these analyses also emphasize the critical need to address existing challenges in production, post-harvest handling, and market access to fully realize this potential .

Empowering smallholder farmers, who constitute the majority of mango producers in Tanzania, is considered essential. This includes providing them with access to quality planting materials, training on improved agronomic practices, and support in meeting market requirements . Government support through initiatives such as tax incentives for processing technologies and investment in research and development programs focused on variety improvement and pest and disease control are also deemed crucial . A recurring theme in expert discussions is the importance of developing large-scale processing plants within Tanzania. This is seen as vital for handling surplus production, minimizing post-harvest losses, and creating export-ready, value-added products that can compete effectively in international markets .

Considering the current production volume of mangoes in Tanzania, the rapid growth trajectory of the global mango market, the country’s strategic advantage in off-season production, and the significant potential for increasing export value through quality improvements and value addition, mangoes possess a strong potential to become a leading agricultural commodity and potentially the country’s second most valuable crop. While challenges in infrastructure, pest management, and market access need to be effectively addressed, the fundamental conditions and expert outlook suggest a bright future for the Tanzanian mango industry.

XI. Conclusion and Recommendations: Realizing Mangoes’ Potential as a Leading Crop

In conclusion, this analysis indicates that mango farming in Tanzania holds significant promise and the potential to become the country’s second most valuable crop. The current production volume surpasses that of traditional cash crops like coffee, and the rapidly expanding global mango market, coupled with Tanzania’s unique off-season production capability, presents substantial opportunities for growth in export value. While coffee currently leads in export earnings, the dynamic nature of the global market and the inherent advantages of Tanzanian mangoes suggest a potential shift in the future.

To fully realize this potential, concerted efforts from various stakeholders are necessary:

Government: Implement policies that incentivize investment in processing infrastructure, prioritize research and development in areas such as pest and disease control and variety improvement, facilitate access to affordable finance for farmers and processors, and actively work to improve market access through trade negotiations and support for meeting international quality standards.
Farmers: Embrace improved agronomic practices, prioritize fruit quality to meet export standards, explore the benefits of organic farming methods to tap into premium markets, and consider forming cooperatives to enhance their bargaining power and access to resources and markets.
Investors: Recognize the significant opportunities for investment throughout the mango value chain, particularly in processing facilities, cold storage solutions, transportation logistics, and export-oriented businesses.
Support Organizations (NGOs, Research Institutions): Continue to provide essential training and technical assistance to farmers on best practices, conduct research on optimizing mango production and effective pest management strategies, and facilitate crucial linkages between farmers and markets.

With strategic focus and collaborative action, the Tanzanian mango industry is poised for a bright future, with the potential to contribute significantly to the national economy, generate valuable foreign exchange, create employment opportunities, and improve the livelihoods of countless smallholder farmers across the country.

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Kilimo Kwanza

The Potential of Mango Farming to Transform Tanzania’s Agricultural Economy

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